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With each new version, USB ports and connectors have sầu become progressively more functional, paving the way for smaller, lighter and more portable devices. However, as new standards bring more speed, power và versatility lớn market, they also bring a complex assortment of features & capabilities lớn consider when deciding which cable or peripheral is right for your application.
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What is USB?
In the 1990s, office desktops were a tangled mess of serial, parallel & proprietary cables. Universal Serial Bus (USB) changed all of that, simplifying computer connectivity through a small, inexpensive interface: the USB Type-A (USB-A) port/connector. With billions of USB devices now in daily use, USB is the dominant wired interface for laptops, tablets & phones.
USB has evolved through a series of standards (see Table 1) that specify how cables connect, communicate và supply power khổng lồ computers, mobile devices và peripherals. The latest iteration is USB4 and, like previous versions, it represents another leap forward in data transfer speed, đoạn phim resolution và power.
Types of USB Ports và Connectors
On computers, tablets and peripherals you will typically find at least one of these three different types of USB ports. On newer devices, USB‐C is preferred for its small kích cỡ, fast data transfer rate & ability to lớn carry up khổng lồ 100W of power. USB‐C cables can also carry high‐resolution 4K and 8K đoạn phim. Lightning is similar in function to lớn USB‐C but uses a different connector.
USB-C Lanes & Speeds
To underst& USB data transfer rates, you need to lớn know a little about the kiến thiết of the USB-C connector. A USB Type-C connector has four pairs of pins known as "lanes" that transmit (TX) & receive sầu (RX) data (see highlighted pins in Figure 1 below). USB 3.0 (5 Gbps) và USB 3.1 (10 Gbps) use one TX lane & one RX lane, depending on the orientation of the connector. USB 3.2 takes advantage of all four lanes lớn achieve sầu a 20 Gbps data rate.
Figure 1: USB-C Connector Pin-outs
The naming convention recently adopted for USB 3.2 incorporates tốc độ x lanes. For example, USB 3.2 Gen 1x2 means 5 Gbps x 2 lanes, for a connection speed of 10 Gbps.
| USB 3.2 Gen 1×1 | 5 Gbps (SuperSpeed) | 1 | 5 Gbps |
| USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 | 10 Gbps (SuperSpeed+) | 1 | 10 Gbps |
| USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 | 5 Gbps (SuperSpeed) | 2 | 10 Gbps |
| USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 | 10 Gbps (SuperSpeed+) | 2 | 20 Gbps |
The USB4 Gen 2×2 specification (known by its marketing name, USB4 20Gbps) and USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 both offer trăng tròn Gbps connection. USB4 Gen 3×2 (USB4 40Gbps) uses a different data encoding scheme lớn achieve trăng tròn Gbps per lane và 40 Gbps when in dual lane mode.
| USB4 Gen 2×2 | 10 Gbps | 2 | đôi mươi Gbps |
| USB4 Gen 3×2 | đôi mươi Gbps | 2 | 40 Gbps |
What's New in USB4?
USB 4 (officially "USB4" without the space) is an important update, not only for the new capabilities it offers but because it helps lớn resolve sầu the confusion over USB 3.x naming and, for the most part, it gives users a predictable and consistent experience. The USB4 protocol requires a USB-C to lớn USB-C cable.
Up lớn 40Gbps Data Transfer Rate: USB4 devices are required to lớn tư vấn đôi mươi Gbps (2.4 GB/sec). They can optionally tư vấn 40 Gbps (4.8 GB/sec) if they use the shorter 0.8 meter Gen 3 cable.
Multiple Data & Display Protocols: USB4 supports USB 3.2, PCIe and DisplayPort 1.4a through a technique called protocol tunneling. DisplayPort & Thunderbolt 3 are also supported via Alt Mode.
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Backward compatibility with USB 3.2, USB 2.0 and Thunderbolt 3: USB4 maintains compatibility with previous versions of the USB specification và, thanks to its Thunderbolt 3 foundation, supports TB3 Alt Mode too.
Video and Data Bandwidth Optimization: USB 3.2 allocated fixed bandwidth lớn data or đoạn Clip or, in DPhường Alt Mode, gave 100% lớn đoạn phim. USB4 dynamically allocates bandwidth lớn Clip & data based on actual needs.
100 Watt Charging: All USB4 devices tư vấn USB nguồn Delivery. When a device is connected khổng lồ a USB4 port, USB PD negotiates a "contract" to lớn deliver power, safely supplying up khổng lồ 100 W (5A/20V).
What is Protocol Tunneling?When devices talk khổng lồ one another, they vị so using a protocol. If both devices can speak and understvà the same protocol, a connection can be established. Conceptually, Protocol Tunneling creates a "pipe" with one protocol và uses it to send data in another protocol. USB4 Protocol Tunneling creates a USB-C tunnel through which DisplayPort or PCIe data can be sent. USB4 Protocol Tunneling is similar lớn Alt Mode but doesn"t require a DP.. or PCIe controller.
What is USB4 Fabric?The word fabric is a metaphor used to lớn describe a network of interconnecting nodes, such as switches. When illustrated, the crisscross pattern resembles woven cloth. The term has been adopted by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) to describe how USB4"s tunneling architecture dynamically manages the connection between USB4 routers so multiple protocols can simultaneously tóm tắt the fabric"s resources.
Will Apple Support USB4?Apple"s new MacBooks & Mac Mini will be the first lớn use Apple Silicon"s own Arm-based processors, so there was some doubt surrounding tư vấn for USB4. However, Apple was able to implement tư vấn for both USB4 và Thunderbolt 3 in time for the product rollouts.
USB Standards
Your USB connections are about lớn become faster! Products compatible with the Thunderbolt™ 3 standard have sầu entered the market. This lachạy thử generation offers both power delivery & bidirectional data transfer at speeds up khổng lồ 4x faster than USB 3.2 Gen 2, and can create never-before-possible computing options for personal devices.
| USB 1.1 | Full Speed USB | 1998 | USB-AUSB-B | 12 Mbps | 3 m | |
| USB 2.0 | Hi-Speed USB |  | 2000 | USB-AUSB-BUSB Micro AUSB Micro BUSB Mini AUSB Mini BUSB-C* | 480 Mbps | 5 m |
| USB 3.2 Gen 1 | USB 3.0USB 3.1 Gen 1SuperSpeed |  | 2008 (USB 3.0)2013 (USB 3.1) | USB-AUSB-BUSB Micro BUSB-C* | 5 Gbps | 3 m |
| USB 3.2 Gen 2 | USB 3.1USB 3.1 Gen 2SuperSpeed+SuperSpeed 10Gbps |  | 2013 (USB 3.1) | USB-AUSB-BUSB Micro BUSB-C* | 10 Gbps | 3 m |
| USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 | USB 3.2SuperSpeed 20Gbps |  | 2017 (USB 3.2) | USB-C* | 20 Gbps | 3 m |
| USB 4 | USB4 Gen 2×2USB4 20Gbps |  | 2019 | USB-C* | trăng tròn Gbps | 0.8 m |
| USB 4 | USB4 Gen 3×2USB4 40Gbps |  | 2019 | USB-C* | 40 Gbps | 0.8 m |
* USB-C is more accurately known as Type C or USB Type C** Cable length is the length covered by the specification. Longer lengths can be achieved using active sầu cables và in some cases, longer passive cables
Does USB-C tư vấn USB 2.0?It can but first let"s clarify the difference between USB-C và USB. USB-C is a physical connector và, despite the name, it does not imply tư vấn for any particular version of the USB standard. In fact, a USB-C connector can be used khổng lồ connect peripherals using other interface standards such as Thunderbolt 3.
When buying USB-C cables, make sure to kiểm tra the charging wattage và USB data rate supported. A charging cable supporting USB 2.0 can be longer than USB 3.x and USB4 cables but is limited khổng lồ a 480 Mbps data transfer rate and will not tư vấn alt-modes.
